Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Cistern)

The famous Byzantine emperor Justinian I had the Basilica Cistern built in 532 to supply water to the Great Palace. With its architectural grandeur, it creates the impression of a palace above the viewer, which is why it is popularly known as the “Sunken Palace.” Since it was constructed on the site of the former Basilica of Illus during the Roman period, it is also referred to as the “Basilica Cistern” in foreign sources. The cistern has a capacity of approximately 80 million cubic meters of water, which was brought from the Belgrad Forest, about 25 kilometers away, through a series of aqueducts and tunnels.This 1,500-year-old structure covers an area of 140 by 170 meters. It consists of a total of 336 columns arranged in 28 rows of 12 columns each. Most of the columns are 12 meters high and feature capitals in the Corinthian and Doric styles. At the far end of the cistern, you can see two carved Gorgon heads used as column bases.

According to Greek mythology, the Gorgons were three female monsters with snake hair who turned anyone who looked at them into stone. Among them, only Medusa is widely known. Perseus borrowed the shield of Athena, placed a mirror in front of it, and used it to face Medusa. Seeing her own reflection, Medusa shared the same fate as her victims.

The restoration of the Basilica Cistern began in 1985 and it was opened to the public in 1988. During the Byzantine period, the cistern—also known as the “Sunken Palace”—was used to store water for the Great Palace and other buildings on the First Hill. After the conquest of Istanbul, it supplied water to the gardens of Topkapı Palace.

The Cistern of Philoxenos – ( The Binbirdirek Cistern )

The Binbirdirek Cistern was restored between 1995 and 2002 and opened to visitors. The cistern measures 64 by 56.4 meters, covering an area of 3,610 square meters. This means it is only about one-third the size of the Basilica Cistern, yet it is still the second largest covered cistern in the city.

It is believed to have been commissioned in the second quarter of the 4th century by the Roman senator Philoxenus, who came to the city with Constantine the Great. However, there is evidence suggesting that some parts date back to the 5th or 6th century.

In the 19th century, the cistern was used as a thread workshop, and in more recent times, it served as a storage facility. The original height of the structure—from the floor to the tops of its small brick domes with a herringbone pattern—was about 19 meters. The columns consist of two stacked sections connected by interesting stone joints.

The cistern originally contained a total of 224 double columns arranged in 16 rows of 14 columns each, although 12 of them were walled off shortly after the construction was completed. The column capitals supporting the arches are generally plain, except for some that bear the monograms of stonemasons.

The name “Binbirdirek” is thought to derive either from the phrase “bindirme direk” (overlapping columns), referring to the way the columns are stacked, or from the word “binbir” (one thousand and one), which in Turkish is also used to express abundance.

Theodosius Cistern – ( Şerefiye Cistern )

The Şerefiye Cistern (also known as the Theodosius Cistern) is one of the most impressive underground structures in Istanbul and has a deep-rooted history dating back to the Byzantine period. The cistern was built between 428 and 443 AD during the reign of Theodosius II. Its purpose was to meet the water needs of Constantinople, particularly by storing water for the imperial palace and its surroundings. It continued to be used during the Ottoman period for a long time, although it gradually lost its importance. Architectural features: It contains 32 marble columns, The columns are approximately 9 meters high, It is a large underground structure with a rectangular plan.

Over time, the cistern was buried underground and forgotten. In the modern era, it was brought back to light through scientific excavations and restoration efforts, rather than being “discovered” by a single individual. After extensive restoration work, the cistern was opened to visitors as a museum in 2018.

Gülhane Park Cistern

The cistern in Gülhane Park has a rectangular plan measuring around 17 x 12 meters with a depth of 7 meters. It has 12 columns (four rows with three columns) supporting 20 vaults. The columns have 12 unfinished Corinthian capitals, simple imposts, and bases made of Proconnesian marble. There are masons’ marks on some bases, capitals, and columns. Its walls, which are almost 2 meters thick, are lined with hydraulic mortar. The corners are beveled to strengthen the structure from internal water pressure. Traces of a discharge channel are on its northwest wall, while a terracotta inflow pipe is in one of the vaults. The remains of the superstructure can be seen above the cistern. While its function is uncertain, it could have been connected to a monastery or perhaps a bath. The cistern has been dated between the fifth and seventh centuries.

The cistern was discovered by chance in 1913 during work to turn the outer garden of Topkapı Palace into a public park that began the previous year. It was cleaned and documented in the same year. Five arched openings were made in two of the original walls and a metal staircase was added inside to make the cistern accessible to the public. Several capitals, which were discovered during the excavations at the site, are now on display above the cistern. One Ionic impost capital was added to an additional wall on the northwest wall.

There was a small zoo in Gülhane Park in the second half of the twentieth century, during which time the cistern functioned as its aquarium. It was restored in 2003-2004 and excavations were made above the cistern. In the following years, the cistern was closed to the public. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (İBB) opened to the public as Gülhane Sanat art exhibition in 2023.

Gülhane Park

Gülhane Park was once part of the outer gardens of the palace. This area corresponded to the lower part of the ancient Greek city of Byzantion, following the same line as the city walls and the outer walls of Topkapı Palace that you see on the left. The acropolis of Byzantion was located where Topkapı Palace stands today.Covering an area of 100,000 square meters, Gülhane Park offers visitors some of the most beautiful photo opportunities, especially during the tulip festival held in April.

On the left side of the park is the Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam, which opened in 2008. The project belongs to the Turkish historian of science Fuat Sezgin, and the museum presents the history of Islamic science and technology between the 9th and 16th centuries.

Within the park, on a hill overlooking Sarayburnu, stands the striking Column of the Goths, notable for its 15-meter height and Corinthian-style capital. According to the Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras, a statue of Byzas, the founder of Byzantium, once stood on top of the column. The inscription on its base, which can barely be read, says “to the fortune that returned with the defeat of the Goths.” This creates some confusion, and it is not certain whether the column was erected for Claudius II Gothicus or for Constantine the Great, both of whom defeated the Goths.

Leaving the park and crossing the street, we walk toward Sarayburnu, where there is a large bronze statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. This monument, created in 1926 by the Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel, is historically significant as it was the first statue of a Turkish figure erected in the country.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the visionary leader who led the Turkish nation to victory in the Turkish War of Independence and founded the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923. He introduced groundbreaking reforms to transform society, strongly supported women’s rights by granting them equal political participation, and devoted his life to building a modern, independent, and united nation.

When we travel somewhere new and beautiful, we usually want to leave a part of ourselves there, or take something back with us. Sometimes it is to remember the place, sometimes to use it, or to give gifts to our loved ones when we return—simply so they know they were remembered and to see their beautiful smiles. Time can be merciless; sometimes we forget where we were and with whom we shared the moments we enjoyed the most. Yet we always remember the feeling—the same beautiful emotions remain. Maybe years later, while sitting together with your loved ones, a blue evil eye bead you once bought from a street market in Istanbul, Türkiye, during your journey to explore the world will remind you of those memories. Or perhaps one day, when ordering dessert at a restaurant, Turkish delight or Turkish baklava will come to your mind—some flavors are truly unforgettable. As you wander through the streets of the Grand Bazaar, home to nearly 4,000 shops, you may get lost—but we will help you find your way. Let us explore together the colorful, vibrant local products that reflect our culture, our people, our handcrafts, and our history. Let’s walk, see, discover, and truly get to know them together.

Asian Side Shopping Mall Tour

Istanbul’s Asian side is home to some of the city’s largest and most modern shopping malls. Since these malls are located in different districts and are relatively far from each other, traveling by private vehicle is the most comfortable and practical way to explore them. With this tour, guests can visit several major shopping centers in a single day without the stress of public transportation or city traffic. The malls offer a wide selection of international and Turkish brands, luxury boutiques, restaurants, cafés, and entertainment areas. Whether you are looking for world-famous fashion brands, local Turkish designers, or simply a relaxing shopping experience, the Asian Side Mall Tour allows you to discover almost everything you need in one enjoyable day.

Osman Ghazi (Bey), s. 1288-1326

​Orhan Ghazi, 1326-62

​I. Murat, 1362-89

​I. Bayezit, 1389-1402

​Fetret Devri, 1402-13

​I. Mehmet, 1413-21

​II. Murat, 1421-44, 1446-51

​II. Mehmet, 1444-6, 1451-81

​II. Bayezit, 1481-1512

​I. Selim, 1512-20

​I. Süleyman, 1520-66

​II. Selim, 1566-74

​III. Murat, 1574-95

​III. Mehmet, 1595-1603

​I. Ahmet, 1603-17

​I. Mustafa, 1617-18

​II. Osman, 1618-22

​I. Mustafa (For the second time), 1622-23

​IV. Murat, 1623-40

​İbrahim, 1640-48

​IV. Mehmet, 1648-87

​II. Süleyman, 1687-91

​II. Ahmet, 1691-95

​II. Mustafa, 1695-1703

​III. Ahmet, 1703-30

​I. Mahmut, 1730-54

​III. Osman, 1754-7

​III. Mustafa, 1757-74

​I. Abdülhamit, 1774-89

​III. Selim, 1789-1807

​IV. Mustafa, 1807-08

​II. Mahmut, 1808-39

​I. Abdülmecit, 1839-61

​Abdülaziz, 1861-76

​V. Murat, 1876

​II. Abdülhamit, 1876-1909

​V. Mehmet, 1909-1918

​VI. Mehmet, 1918-22

​II. Abdülmecit (Only caliph), 1922-24

Bosphorus cruise

Welcome to the beautiful Bosphorus, one of the most unique waterways in the world. As we sail between Europe and Asia, you are traveling along a natural strait that has connected continents, cultures, and empires for thousands of years.Along the shores you will see elegant Ottoman waterfront mansions, historic fortresses, green hills, and magnificent palaces that once belonged to sultans and royal families. The Bosphorus has always been one of the most strategic and beautiful locations in the world, linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean through the Sea of Marmara.While enjoying the fresh sea breeze, take in the stunning views of the skyline, historic architecture, and the peaceful blue waters that make this city truly unforgettable.

According to the Byzantines, Istanbul is the necklace of the world. The city reflects its mood on its walls and then, with the elegance of an artist, paints the sky again with those same colors. The green areas surrounding it and many of the magnificent old houses visually enchant those who visit.The Bosphorus is a magnificent waterway that separates the European and Asian shores. It stretches for about 30 km, from Sarayburnu to Anadolu Kavağı at the exit of the Black Sea. Connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea through the Sea of Marmara, the Istanbul Bosphorus has held great strategic importance throughout history. For this reason, Constantine the Great chose Istanbul as the new capital of the Roman Empire, although this decision also brought many challenges to the city.The first modern bridge was the Bosphorus Bridge, built in 1973 (now called the 15 July Martyrs Bridge). The second bridge, located 5 km to the north, is the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, built in 1988. The third and most recent bridge is the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, constructed in 2016 on the Black Sea side of Istanbul.The Bosphorus has a maximum width of 3,600 meters (at the entrance of the Black Sea) and a minimum width of 698 meters (between Anadolu Hisarı and Rumeli Hisarı). Its maximum depth is 110 meters (between Bebek and Kandilli) and its minimum depth is 30 meters.

According to ancient Greek mythology, the Bosphorus takes its name from Io, a priestess beloved by Zeus, the king of the gods. Fearing the jealousy and anger of his wife Hera, Zeus turned Io into a cow to hide her. However, Hera realized the situation and sent a gadfly to torment the poor Io. Trying to escape the fly, Io wandered across the world. Eventually, she crossed from Asia to Europe, and this passage gave the strait its name: Bosphorus, meaning “cow crossing” or “ox-ford.” The story ends happily when Io reaches Egypt, where Zeus turns her back into a human.

Taksim Square and Istiklal Street

The Istiklal Street walking tour offers an excellent opportunity to discover Istanbul’s cultural diversity, architectural heritage, and vibrant social life. The tour starts at the heart of modern Istanbul, Taksim Square, continues along the famous Istiklal Street, and ends at the historic Galata Tower.

Taksim Square

Our tour begins at Taksim Square, one of the most famous gathering points in Istanbul. The name “Taksim” comes from the Ottoman period when a water distribution structure called a “maksem” was located here. Water brought from the Belgrad Forest was collected and distributed to different parts of the city. At the center of the square stands the Taksim Republic Monument, an important symbol of the foundation of the Turkish Republic. The monument was unveiled in 1928 and designed by the Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica. It features Mustafa Kemal Atatürk along with figures representing the Turkish War of Independence.

Istiklal Street

Starting from Taksim Square, Istiklal Avenue stretches approximately 1.4 kilometers and is completely pedestrianized. During the Ottoman period, it was known as “Cadde-i Kebir,” meaning the Grand Avenue, and Europeans referred to it as “Grand Rue de Pera.”In the 19th century, this street became one of the most important commercial and social centers of Istanbul. Merchants from England, France, and the Netherlands settled in this area, turning Beyoğlu into one of the most cosmopolitan districts of the city. One of the iconic symbols of the street is the Istiklal Avenue Nostalgic Tram, which today operates as a nostalgic attraction and adds to the historic atmosphere of the avenue.During the tour, visitors can enjoy traditional Turkish flavors such as: Turkish coffee, Baklava and Turkish delight, Stuffed mussels (midye dolma), Turkish street food, Traditional Turkish mezes, Shopping. Istiklal Street is also one of Istanbul’s most popular shopping areas. The avenue is lined with souvenir shops, bookstores, art galleries, and antique stores.

Galatasaray Square and Galatasaray High School

Located at the center of Istiklal Street is Galatasaray Square, one of the main meeting points along the avenue. The square is home to the historic Galatasaray High School, founded in the 15th century and known as one of the most prestigious educational institutions in Turkey.

Çiçek Pasajı (Flower Passage)

One of the most famous historic arcades on Istiklal Street is Çiçek Pasajı. In the 19th century, this site was home to the well-known Naum Theatre, an important cultural venue in the city. The theater was destroyed during the Great Beyoğlu Fire of 1870. Later, a new building with shops and apartments was constructed here by the Greek banker Hristaki Zografos. Over time, many flower shops opened inside the passage, which led to its popular name “Flower Passage.” Today it is known for its lively restaurants and traditional taverns serving Turkish cuisine.

Galata Tower

Our tour concludes at one of the most iconic landmarks of Istanbul, the Galata Tower. Walking around its charming streets, visitors discover art galleries, boutique shops, and vibrant cafés that capture the essence of Istanbul’s culture. A visit to Galata Tower is not just about the views—it’s a full experience. Don’t miss the chance to try a slice of delicious cheesecake at one of the nearby cafés, the perfect treat while enjoying the lively atmosphere of the area. Whether you’re interested in history, photography, or simply soaking in the city vibes, Galata Tower and its surroundings make for an unforgettable stop on any Istanbul tour.

In the 14th century by the Genoese, the tower was originally part of the defensive walls of Galata. Throughout history it has served as a watchtower, fire tower, and lighthouse. Today it offers visitors one of the most breathtaking panoramic views of Istanbul. The origin of the name “Galata” is uncertain. One view suggests it derives from the Greek word gala (milk), meaning “milkmen” (Galatas). Another theory links it to the Genoese dialect of Italian word Caladdo, meaning “slope.”The tower’s height is 62.5 meters from ground to the tip of the cone, and 70 meters including the flagpole. It has 14 windows, each opening onto a different view.

Spice Bazaar

The Spice Bazaar (Mısır Çarşısı) is one of Istanbul’s most famous covered markets. It was built as part of the Valide Sultan Complex, whose construction was restarted by Hatice Turhan Sultan. The architect Mustafa Ağa, who completed the nearby Yeni Mosque, designed the bazaar in an L-shaped plan.The bazaar survived two major fires in 1691 and 1940, and after restoration by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in 1940, it took its current form. It is called the “Spice Bazaar” because much of its initial capital came from taxes collected in Cairo. Historically, it was also known as the “Bazaar of the Spice Merchants” due to the wide variety of spices and medicinal herbs sold there. Today, it still offers an incredible selection of spices, herbs, sweets, and teas, making it a must-visit for visitors seeking both history and flavor. Its colorful stalls, historic architecture, and lively atmosphere make it the perfect spot to explore, shop, and take memorable photos. A visit here is a sensory experience you won’t want to miss on your Istanbul tour.

Topkapı Palace

After the conquest, one of the most important monuments commissioned by Fatih Sultan Mehmed in Istanbul was the Topkapı Palace, which today is admired and visited by millions of people. It is well known that Mehmed the Conqueror paid special attention to architectural projects and personally determined the construction program of his palace. In fact, the first palace he established in Istanbul— which he made the capital of the Ottoman Empire — was the Old Palace (Eski Saray), located in the city center, on the site where the rectorate building of today’s Istanbul University stands in Beyazıt.Built between 1460 and 1478 on an area of approximately 700,000 square meters, the palace continuously developed with additions commissioned by subsequent sultans. With the exception of the Harem and the section known as the Fourth Courtyard, the entire plan of the palace as we know it today was designed and constructed by Mehmed between 1460 and 1478.The Harem in its present form dates to the reign of III. Murat (r. 1574–1595). Extensive restorations and additions belong to the periods of IV. Mehmet (r. 1648–1687) and III. Osman (r. 1754–1757). The independent pavilions in the Fourth Courtyard, on the other hand, were constructed in various periods.

The three devastating fires of 1574, 1665, and 1856 destroyed a large part of the palace. Thus, although the three main courtyards essentially remained faithful to the original plan of Fatih Sultan Mehmed, many of the buildings were either lost (as in the case of the First Courtyard) or rebuilt and redecorated in later periods.

Topkapı Palace was used as the administrative center of the state for 380 years. At the same time, the Palace served as the official residence of the Ottoman sultans. It was eventually vacated in the 19th century when the dynasty began to reside in the Bosphorus palaces such as Dolmabahçe Palace, Çırağan Palace, and Yıldız Palace. After the proclamation of the Republic, it was decided by order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on April 3, 1924, that Topkapı Palace would be converted into a museum, and it was opened to visitors on October 9, 1924. The restorations carried out during the Republican era restored the Palace to its former, enduring simplicity and elegance. Many works—most of which are unique in the world—began to be exhibited in accordance with a modern understanding of museology.The Enderun School, the most important educational institution in the Ottoman Empire where statesmen were trained, was also located within Topkapı Palace. First established during the reign of Murad I, the Enderun functioned as a kind of palace university. The school, situated in the Sultan’s private courtyard, had a period of education lasting 14 years. Graduates of the Enderun—where talented viziers, statesmen, officers, and artists were trained—served loyally in various administrative units of the vast Ottoman Empire and attained prominent positions.

Basilica Cistern

Water, an essential necessity for human life, has always been a major concern for cities. Rainwater was generally collected in cisterns within the city, often with each household having its own. During Late Antiquity, many houses, palaces, and monasteries possessed private cisterns. In addition to these, large open-air cisterns were sometimes constructed within the city to collect water. In covered cisterns, the walls were built quite high to facilitate the storage of water.

The Yerebatan Sarnıcı and the Binbirdirek Sarnıcı in Istanbul, built in the 6th century during the reign of Justinian I, are among the most significant architectural monuments of Late Antiquity.

Details of the Basilica Cistern: Commissioned in 532 by the renowned Byzantine emperor Justinian I to supply water to the Great Palace, the Yerebatan Sarnıcı impresses visitors with such architectural grandeur that it creates the impression of an underground palace. It is popularly known as the “Sunken Palace” (Yerebatan Sarayı), while in foreign sources it is referred to as the “Basilica Cistern.” Because the structure was built beneath the basilica stoa located between the two large squares on the city’s First Hill, it was called the Basilica Cistern during the Byzantine period.

With a capacity of approximately 80 million cubic meters of water, the cistern was supplied through a system of aqueducts and tunnels bringing water from the Belgrad Forest, about 25 kilometers away. It spreads over an area measuring 140 by 170 meters.

At the far end of the cistern, two sculpted heads of Gorgon can be seen, reused as column bases. In Greek mythology, the Gorgons were three sisters, one of whom was Medusa, who was slain by Perseus.

After the conquest, the Yerebatan Sarnıcı supplied water to the gardens of Topkapı Palace. However, it appears that within a century after the conquest, the existence of the cistern had been largely forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1546, when Petrus Gyllius was researching the remaining Byzantine monuments of the city. He learned that in this neighborhood there were simple wells in the basements of houses, from which water was drawn by bucket to meet daily needs, and that some residents even caught fish from them.

Gyllius conducted a thorough investigation in the area and eventually found a house whose basement provided access to the cistern—most likely at the location of today’s entrance.

The vaults and walls of the cistern are constructed of brick and baked clay, and despite the passage of time, they have suffered virtually no deterioration. The structure is supported by 336 columns, spaced 12 feet (3.66 meters) apart. Each column is 40 feet 9 inches (12.43 meters) high. The columns are arranged in 12 rows across and 28 rows lengthwise, and several underground water sources still flow into the cistern.

The stirrup stones resting on the Corinthian-style Byzantine capitals of the columns support small brick domes decorated with a herringbone pattern. Restoration work on the cistern began in 1985, and it was reopened to the public in 1988.

Grand Bazaar

This area, located between Beyazıt Square and Galata Bridge, has long been the city’s main commercial district. It is one of the oldest and most vibrant parts of Istanbul.

Sahaflar Çarşısı (the Booksellers’ Bazaar) is one of the most ancient bazaars in the city. It was established on the site of the Byzantine book and paper market known as Hartopratia. During the reign of Ahmed III, booksellers moved from their locations in the Grand Bazaar and opened their shops here. The market is located directly opposite the Beyazıt Gate of the Grand Bazaar.

Many foreigners—and in fact many Istanbulites as well—consider the Grand Bazaar one of the most fascinating and enchanting attractions of the city. As can be seen from its plan, it has a very orderly structure, yet while walking through it one often perceives it as more complex and labyrinth-like.

The Grand Bazaar is practically a small city in itself. According to a census conducted in 1880, it contained 4,399 shops, 2,195 workshops, 497 stalls, 12 warehouses, 18 fountains, 12 small mosques, one large mosque, a primary school, and a tomb. Today the number of commercial establishments is roughly similar, though new businesses have been added, including several restaurants, many tea houses, and two banks.

The bazaar was founded on nearly the same site shortly after the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II. Although it has been damaged many times by fires—the last major one occurring in 1954—its structure and general appearance have remained essentially the same as they were four centuries ago.

The street names within the Grand Bazaar derive from the guilds that produced and sold their goods in the same places for centuries. A hundred years ago the bazaar was far more unusual and interesting than it is today, filled with even more extraordinary goods. Yet even now, despite the presence of ordinary mass-produced items, many authentic, local, and original products can still be found. Shops selling similar goods are generally grouped along particular streets. Here you can find musical instruments, old clothes, typically Turkish embroidered towels, jewelers, goldsmiths, furniture makers, haberdashers, shoemakers, hardware dealers, fabric merchants, and much more.

At the center of the bazaar stands the domed hall known as Cevahir Bedesteni, also called the Old Bedesten. This is one of the original structures dating back to the time of Mehmed II, and since then it has always been used for the most valuable goods.

Most of the shopkeepers speak six or seven languages, so communication rarely becomes a problem. Negotiations often continue over a cup of Turkish coffee offered by the seller.

Of course, not everything sold in the bazaar is authentic. Nevertheless, the craftsmanship of most imitations is excellent, because those who produce the copies often come from the same guild traditions as the makers of the originals. They work with the same tools and techniques that have been passed down for generations.

When you leave the Grand Bazaar through the Nuruosmaniye Gate and turn to the right, you will see a row of finely built shops forming the outer courtyard walls of Nuruosmaniye Mosque. These shops were originally part of the Nuruosmaniye Complex, and their rents were used to cover the expenses of the mosque and its associated buildings.

Bosphorus tour

One of our most beautiful tours is undoubtedly along the Bosphorus shores, which showcase the unique beauty of Istanbul. The first historical event associated with the Bosphorus was Darius’s crossing with his large army in 512 BCE during his campaign against the Scythians. Since then, the strait has played a crucial, even vital role in the history of the city founded at its southern end in 667 BCE.The Bosphorus is approximately 30 km long. Its upper current flows from the Black Sea toward the Marmaray at a speed of 3–5 km per hour, but eddies and reverse currents often form in the inlets along the winding shores. The strong current from the Black Sea to Marmaray can even make it feel like a river.As an international waterway, the Bosphorus sees intense traffic day and night. Cargo ships, oil tankers, transatlantic vessels, local ferries, and fishing boats all add color to the strait. Along both shores, there are various coves and small ports, usually with a cove on one side facing a protrusion or inlet on the opposite side. The first modern bridge was the Bosphorus Bridge, built in 1973 (now called the 15 July Martyrs Bridge). The second bridge, located 5 km to the north, is the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, built in 1988. The third and most recent bridge is the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, constructed in 2016 on the Black Sea side of Istanbul.

According to ancient Greek mythology, the Bosphorus takes its name from Io, a priestess beloved by Zeus, the king of the gods. Fearing the jealousy and anger of his wife Hera, Zeus turned Io into a cow to hide her. However, Hera realized the situation and sent a gadfly to torment the poor Io. Trying to escape the fly, Io wandered across the world. Eventually, she crossed from Asia to Europe, and this passage gave the strait its name: Bosphorus, meaning “cow crossing” or “ox-ford.” The story ends happily when Io reaches Egypt, where Zeus turns her back into a human.

Dolmabahçe Palace

The imperial palace on the Bosphorus is by far the largest and most magnificent one: Dolmabahçe Palace. The name “Dolmabahçe” comes from the fact that this area was once a small bay and harbor of the Bosphorus that was later filled in and turned into a royal garden. The filling process began during the reign of Sultan Ahmed I and was completed during the reign of Sultan Osman II. Later, the sultans built many pavilions and waterfront mansions here, and eventually these structures were transformed into a palace with a large hall where imperial council meetings were held. The first sultan to use Dolmabahçe as his main residence was Sultan Mahmud II, who found the palace on the Bosphorus more comfortable and suitable compared to the crowded Topkapı Palace. When Sultan Abdülmecid decided to build a larger and more luxurious palace here, he assigned his chief architect Nikoğos Balyan and his father Karabet Balyan to the project. The Balyans were a famous family of architects who built many palaces and mosques for the Ottoman sultans in the second half of the 19th century. The present palace at Dolmabahçe was completed in 1854, but Sultan Abdülmecid and his family did not move in until 1856. Finally, after nearly 400 years, the sultans left Topkapı Palace, which had been their main residence, and settled here. After the fall of the empire, Dolmabahçe served as a state residence and hosted distinguished guests. When in Istanbul, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk used it as the presidential residence and passed away here on November 10, 1938. Dolmabahçe Palace has been fully restored and opened as a museum and is now one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city. It consists of 285 rooms, 43 large halls, six balconies, and six baths spread across three floors. The bathtub in the Sultan’s bath is made of alabaster marble. The interior decoration of the palace was designed by the French decorator Charles Séchan, who also decorated the Palais Garnier. For this reason, the interior of Dolmabahçe resembles French palaces and pavilions. Many European artists were commissioned to decorate the palace with paintings and wall and ceiling frescoes. Among them are remarkable works by Fausto Zonaro, Eugène Fromentin, and Ivan Aivazovsky, which can be seen both in their original places inside the palace and in the exhibition hall near the ornate entrance on the main street. The rich furnishings of the palace include 4,455 square meters of handwoven Hereke carpets. The fireplaces and chandeliers are made of Bohemian and Baccarat crystal. In total, there are 36 chandeliers in the palace. The gigantic chandelier in the ceremonial hall weighs 4.5 tons and is considered the largest chandelier in the world. In addition, there are 280 pieces of Chinese, Japanese, European, and Turkish porcelain. The Turkish porcelains were produced in the workshops of Yıldız Palace. The palace also contains 156 clocks, more than 50 silver and crystal candlesticks, a dozen silver braziers, and countless crystal and silver tableware sets. The land on which the palace stands also has historical importance. On April 22, 1453, during the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed II transported about 70 ships over land here. The ships were moved uphill to Pera on wheeled platforms and then through the Kasımpaşa Valley down to the Golden Horn, bypassing the chain that blocked its entrance. After Mehmed the Conqueror, this area became an imperial garden. Sultan Ahmed I was the first to begin filling in the harbor in order to expand the royal garden, and the land reclamation continued during the reign of his son, Sultan Osman II.

Taksim Square / Istiklal Street

Beyoğlu / Taksim Square and the Origin of Its Name

Located within the boundaries of Beyoğlu district, Taksim Square stands at the intersection of İstiklal Avenue, Sıraselviler Avenue, Gümüşsuyu Avenue, Cumhuriyet Avenue, and Tarlabaşı Boulevard.

The name of the square derives from the “maksem” (water distribution structure), which was built in the 18th century by Mahmud I to meet the city’s water needs. Water brought from the springs of the Belgrad Forest was collected at this structure, located at one of the highest points of Beyoğlu, and then distributed to Tophane, Galata, and Kasımpaşa. Because the water was “divided” (taksim) and distributed from this point, the area later came to be known as “Taksim.”

Taksim Republic Monument

The Taksim Republic Monument was created by the Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica (1869–1959), while its landscaping was designed by Giulio Mongeri. It is one of the monuments commissioned from foreign sculptors during the early years of the Republic. The purpose of the monument was to introduce and symbolize the ideology of the Republic to the public.

Bronze and Italian marble were used as the primary materials in the sculptures. The monument, which stands 11 meters tall, features on its northern façade a depiction of the military figure of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk along with men and women of various ages, symbolizing the Turkish War of Independence.

On another side of the monument, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is portrayed in civilian attire, accompanied by soldiers and members of the public. Among the figures, İsmet İnönü, Fevzi Çakmak, and two Russian officers can also be seen. A figure of an urban woman is also noticeable among the sculptures.

Beyoğlu / Istiklal Avenue

The district of Beyoğlu, known as Pera before the conquest of Istanbul and once a major hub for European merchants, has remained one of the city’s most important centers of trade, culture, and tourism from past centuries to the present day. İstiklal Avenue, stretching 1.5 kilometers, is closed to vehicle traffic. Taksim Square lies at the northern end of the avenue, while Tünel Square is located at its southern end.

From Taksim Square—home to the Republic Monument, built in the early years of the Republic to convey the ideals of the new regime to the public—the area extends down to Galata, where numerous historic religious, cultural, and social buildings belonging to different nations and communities can be seen. With its cafés and restaurants, shopping arcades, entertainment venues, historic streets, museums, religious buildings, and nostalgic tram, İstiklal Avenue welcomes large numbers of local and international visitors throughout the year and is perhaps one of the most important symbols of Istanbul.

The road that continues downhill from the end of İstiklal Avenue leads to the Galata Tower, which offers panoramic views of the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn and is included on UNESCO’s World Heritage Tentative List.

Before the conquest of Istanbul, Beyoğlu was known as “Pera,” meaning “the other side,” and became a settlement where the Genoese colonies lived. In the area where today’s İstiklal Avenue is located, there were vineyards, hunting grounds, and cemeteries. Due to their disputes with VIII. Mikhail Palaiologos, the Genoese settled in Galata.

After the conquest of Istanbul, the English, French, and Dutch who wished to trade with the Ottoman Empire settled in Pera. As the French gained supremacy over the Genoese in Europe, this dominance was reflected in Pera as well, resulting in greater French influence over the district’s development.

Beyoğlu / Galata Tower

Many people are unaware that Galata Tower served for a long time as a fire watchtower and was known as the Galata Fire Tower. The tower provided this service for approximately 250 years. As you climb its stairs, you can almost imagine hearing the cries announcing a fire.

Originally built for defense and surveillance, the tower later functioned as a warehouse, a prison, an observatory, a fire watchtower, and eventually as a tourist restaurant. Today, it operates as a museum.

Although it no longer serves a military purpose, Galata Tower was carefully restored and preserved for centuries by the Turks. Its height made it ideal for fire surveillance, which helped save it—unlike some other historic structures—from neglect and ruin. The conical roof of the tower, covered in lead, burned down in a nearby fire on July 25, 1794, but it was later rebuilt even more beautifully than before. From the tower, the entire city of Istanbul and its surroundings can be seen, and for this reason, guards would watch the city from there at night to detect fires.

Spice Bazaar

The Spice Bazaar (Mısır Çarşısı) is one of Istanbul’s most famous covered markets. It was built as part of the Valide Sultan Complex, whose construction was restarted by Hatice Turhan Sultan. The architect Mustafa Ağa, who completed the nearby Yeni Mosque, designed the bazaar in an L-shaped plan.The bazaar survived two major fires in 1691 and 1940, and after restoration by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in 1940, it took its current form. It is called the “Spice Bazaar” because much of its initial capital came from taxes collected in Cairo. Historically, it was also known as the “Bazaar of the Spice Merchants” due to the wide variety of spices and medicinal herbs sold there. Today, it still offers an incredible selection of spices, herbs, sweets, and teas, making it a must-visit for visitors seeking both history and flavor. Its colorful stalls, historic architecture, and lively atmosphere make it the perfect spot to explore, shop, and take memorable photos. A visit here is a sensory experience you won’t want to miss on your Istanbul tour.

The Importance of the Spice Bazaar’s Location

The Spice Bazaar is located in Eminönü, which is considered the gateway to Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula. This location has been extremely important for trade throughout history. Thanks to its proximity to the Golden Horn harbor, goods arriving by ships during the Ottoman period could easily be transported to the market. Spices and exotic goods were brought here from Egypt and along the eastern trade routes. Today, ferries, trams, and pedestrian routes provide easy access to many of Istanbul’s major tourist attractions. For this reason, the Spice Bazaar is not only a marketplace but also an important historical trade center and cultural meeting point in Istanbul.

Our food tours take you beyond tourist restaurants and into the heart of the city, where locals eat, shop, and socialize. Taste Istanbul’s famous street food, traditional snacks, and authentic local dishes while exploring lively neighborhoods on both the European and Asian sides of the city. From bustling markets and historic streets to hidden local spots, each stop offers a unique flavor and a story behind it. This experience is not just about food — it’s about culture, people, and the true spirit of Istanbul. Walk, taste, and discover the city like a local, guided by passionate experts who know where the real flavors are.

Reformer Pilates

Reformer Pilates experience for 1–5 participants, private or group session (With professional Pilates instructors)

Pilates is an exercise method developed in the early 20th century by the German trainer Joseph Pilates. After experiencing various health problems in his childhood, Joseph Pilates created a system designed to strengthen the body, improve flexibility, and enhance control. He originally called this method “Contrology.”Pilates became widely known after the first studio was opened in New York, where it quickly gained popularity among dancers and athletes and later spread around the world. Today, Pilates is recognized as an important exercise system that improves posture, strengthens muscles, increases flexibility, and supports mental focus. Practiced by both athletes and people seeking a healthy lifestyle, Pilates is valued as a holistic form of exercise that also helps reduce the stress of modern life.

Why Should We Do Pilates While Traveling Far From Home?

Because we are valuable. No matter how far we travel — whether for tourism or business — life continues. Along the way, we keep learning new things, meeting new people, and collecting new experiences. In this flow, we need moments that nourish not only our bodies, but also our souls. Pilates is not just about physical health. It’s about slowing down, reconnecting with yourself, and creating balance. Stepping away from the noise, crowds, stress, and exhaustion of the day — even for just one hour — who wouldn’t want to relax both physically and mentally? When we travel, our eyes are often focused on centuries-old buildings, famous landmarks, and must-see places. But we rarely look at ourselves. We forget who we are and what we truly need.

Change begins with movement.

Latin Dance Salsa

A private or group salsa dance experience on the Asian side of Istanbul, led by professional instructors.

The experience lasts between 1 to 3 hours, depending on your preference and availability. The schedule can be adjusted upon request. Salsa is a lively and energetic dance that originated in the Caribbean, especially in Cuba, and later developed in cities such as New York. It blends Afro-Caribbean rhythms with Latin and jazz influences, creating a dance style that is both expressive and joyful. Over time, salsa spread around the world and became one of the most popular social dances.

Trying salsa during your vacation is a fun way to connect with the local culture and enjoy the music and atmosphere. Even a short one-hour session can help you feel the rhythm, learn basic steps, and experience the energy of Latin dance.

Salsa is not only about dancing—it’s about celebration, connection, and joy. Spending an hour learning salsa on holiday can create unforgettable memories, help you meet new people, and add a vibrant cultural experience to your trip.During the experience, your guide will take photos and videos to capture your special moments. ravel isn’t just about seeing places — it’s about feeling them. Salsa is pure joy. You don’t need any experience — just curiosity and a smile. Moving to the music helps you relax, forget travel stress, and enjoy the moment. It’s the perfect break between sightseeing, shopping, and photo stops. Dancing with locals and professional instructors gives you a real cultural experience, not something you’ll find in a guidebook. You’ll laugh, move, and create memories that last longer than souvenirs. So if you want to take home more than photos — come dance with us and feel the beat of your trip.

A Tile And Ceramic Workshop 

A unique tile workshop experience with groups of up to 10 people or private

One of the things that makes us happiest is creating something with our own hands — stepping away from the noise and crowds of the world, finding a calm space to reconnect with ourselves, relax, have fun, and leave daily stress behind.

It’s about slowing down, producing something meaningful, collecting new memories, and being part of a creative process where something beautiful comes to life through handcraft. Come and have fun with us. Let’s create together.

Iznik Tiles

The history of tile-making (Çinicilik) in Turkey is very ancient, dating back to 7000 BCE, but the most valuable pieces were created after the 16th century. Following the conquest of Tabriz in 1514, Persian tile masters moved to Iznik, contributing significantly to the development of the art of tile-making. Iznik was the first place to produce the rare and precious coral red used in designs featuring tulips and carnations. After the 17th century, the torch of tile-making was passed on to Kütahya.

Iznik tiles were widely used in the decoration of important Ottoman architectural structures such as mosques, palaces, and mausoleums. Some of the most impressive examples can be seen in Topkapı Palace, Blue Mosque, and Rüstem Pasha Mosque.

The designs commonly feature stylized floral motifs such as tulips, carnations, and hyacinths, along with traditional Islamic patterns including rumi and hatayi motifs. These artistic elements reflect the aesthetic principles and symbolic language of Ottoman art.

Today, Iznik tiles are considered a significant part of Turkey’s cultural heritage and remain one of the finest examples of Islamic ceramic art in the world.

Workshop Class Options

Our studio offers 2-hour and 45-minute workshop class activities.

2-Hour Workshop Class

You paint a pre-drawn plate or tile design in any colors you like.

Your painted piece will be varnished and delivered to you.

You will also have the opportunity to experience shaping clay once on a pottery wheel.

Included:

• All materials used (plate/tile, paint, brushes)
• Tea & coffee service
• Guidance from a master instructor

Not Included:

• Purchases from the exhibition section
• Shipping / delivery fee

45-Minute Workshop Class

You paint a small pre-drawn tile design using 2 colors.

Your painted tile will be varnished and delivered to you.

You will also have the opportunity to experience shaping clay once on a pottery wheel.

Included:

• Materials
• Tea & coffee service
• Instructor support
• Guidance

Not Included:

• Purchases
• Shipping / delivery fee
• Choosing 3 or more colors

Kadıköy on the Asian side of Istanbul

Discover the vibrant spirit of Kadıköy, one of the most colorful and lively districts on the Asian side of Istanbul. With a history stretching back thousands of years to ancient Chalcedon, Kadıköy has long been a meeting point of cultures, trade, and daily life by the sea. Today, it blends its rich past with a dynamic modern atmosphere that attracts both locals and visitors.Our tour is a relaxing walk through Kadıköy’s charming streets and seaside promenades. The district is known for its pedestrian-friendly areas, lively squares, and beautiful coastal paths where you can enjoy views of the Marmara Sea while feeling the rhythm of the city.Along the way, you will discover local restaurants, cozy cafés, and authentic eateries where Kadıköy’s famous food culture comes alive. From traditional Turkish flavors to modern culinary spots, the area offers countless places to explore and enjoy. Street musicians, boutique shops, and creative art spaces also add to the unique character of this neighborhood, making every step of the walk engaging and memorable.Kadıköy is also known for its energetic entertainment scene. As we continue our walking tour, you will see popular gathering spots, lively streets, and cultural corners that reflect the district’s youthful and artistic atmosphere.At the end of our tour, we will arrive at Game Center, where you can unwind and have fun after the walk. Here you can choose from a variety of arcade games and entertainment options—perfect for releasing some stress and ending the experience with laughter and excitement. This tour is designed as a fully walkable experience along Kadıköy’s scenic seaside areas, combining history, culture, gastronomy, and entertainment into one unforgettable journey on the Asian side of Istanbul.

Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque)

Sources that describe the history of Istanbul often begin with a tale of prophecy. According to a prophecy learned by a commander named Byzas from the city of Megara at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the new city was to be founded opposite the land of the blind. In this story, the hero would only understand the intended message at the right place and time. When Byzas arrived in what is now the Sultanahmet district, he could not understand why such a strategic location with a natural harbor and fertile land had been left uninhabited while settlement had taken place on the opposite shore of the Bosphorus. He therefore considered that land to be the “land of the blind” and founded his city opposite Khalkedon (Kadıköy). Thus, this city, which began its life as a modest colony, would in time become the capital of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires and change world history.

The Sultanahmet Mosque was built in a location that has attracted attention in every period. During the Byzantine era, the Imperial Palace stood here, and magnificent mosaics from this palace are still exhibited today in the museum located to the south of the complex. In the Ottoman period, the area was used as a district of palaces belonging to state officials. Therefore, before the construction of the mosque began, the palaces of Semiz Ali Pasha, Sokullu, İsmihan Sultan, and Ayşe Sultan had to be expropriated.

This monument, the first major mosque built after Mimar Sinan’s Süleymaniye and Selimiye Mosques and the largest of the imperial (Selatin) mosques, was completed between 1609 and 1617. The Blue Mosque is the work of Sedefkâr Mehmet Ağa, a master who was trained during the era of a great master.

In accordance with Ottoman tradition, the mosque was built as a large and richly endowed complex (külliye). However, many of the surrounding structures have not survived to the present day. Among the sections of the complex that have been preserved are the imperial pavilion (hünkâr kasrı), madrasa, primary school (sıbyan mektebi), timekeeper’s room (muvakkithane), arasta (bazaar), bath, bakery, kitchen, soup kitchen (imaret), and the tomb of Sultan Ahmed. The mosque is surrounded on three sides by an outer courtyard.

Upon entering the interior, the first striking feature is the central dome with a diameter of 23.50 meters and a height of 43 meters, supported by four marble pillars with a diameter of five meters, known as “elephant feet.” The central dome is expanded on four sides by semi-domes and by two exedras on the mihrab side and three on the other sides. Carried on high pointed arches and pendentives, the dome appears spacious and bright. The large number of windows—260 in total—plays a significant role in giving the prayer hall this airy appearance. Among the interior decorations, the most striking elements are the tiles, most of which were produced in the İznik workshops. These tiles were largely produced as 25×25 cm panels using underglaze, colored glaze, and monochrome glaze with gilding techniques. Motifs such as tulips, roses, rosebuds, carnations, hyacinths, cypress trees, and spring trees are frequently used. Another decorative feature that stands out as much as the tiles is the painted ornamentation (kalem işi).

Another architectural feature that makes the mosque special is its six magnificent minarets. No mosque with six minarets had been built before in Ottoman history. These minarets, with two balconies on those in the front courtyard and three on the others, have been the subject of various urban legends from their construction to the present day. According to the story, religious authorities objected when they saw that the number of minarets equaled that of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, and the Sultan resolved the issue by ordering the construction of a seventh minaret in Mecca.

On the western side of the courtyard, you will notice a chain hanging above the gate opening toward the Hippodrome. It is said that sultans entering the courtyard bowed their heads to avoid hitting the chain. Thus, the chain symbolically reminded that God is greater than the sultan and emphasized that everyone entering the mosque is equal. After passing the chain, the inscription you will see above the main entrance was written by Derviş Mehmed, the father of the 17th-century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi.Formun Üstü

Hippodrome

The term “Hippodrome”, derived from two Greek words meaning horse and course, continued to be used with a similar meaning after the city came under Turkish control, and during Ottoman rule the area was called “At Meydanı” (Horse Square). The construction of the first hippodrome is dated to the reign of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211). During the struggle for the throne, the city of Byzantion supported Severus’s rival Pescennius Niger and was besieged for three years. After it was captured, the city was punished by being completely destroyed. However, shortly after eliminating his rivals and becoming sole emperor, Severus rebuilt the city, and it was later developed and expanded during the reign of Constantine I, the city’s acknowledged founder. The Hippodrome was constructed during this period.

Following the decision in 330 to move the imperial capital from Rome to Byzantion, the former capital seems to have been deliberately replicated in the new city. For instance, the seven hills of Rome were artificially recreated in the new capital, which is why Istanbul is still known today as the “city of seven hills.” A more explicit example is the selection of the name Nova Roma (New Rome) for the city. As part of this process of Romanization, a structure similar to Rome’s Circus Maximus was built in the new capital. Although the Hippodrome did not rival the Circus Maximus in grandeur, it was nevertheless one of the essential elements of Roman identity. Since very little remains of its former magnificence, it is difficult to imagine the Hippodrome’s appearance in antiquity. Originally measuring 480 meters in length and 117.5 meters in width, this monumental structure is estimated to have had a capacity of approximately 100,000 spectators.

At the center of the Hippodrome ran a longitudinal platform known as the spina, which was adorned with monumental works. Chariot races—considered the most attractive events of the Hippodrome—were held around the spina, with teams known as the Blues, Greens, Reds, and Whites completing seven laps. These races were watched by the emperor from a special imperial box (kathisma) connected to the palace, allowing the ruler to engage directly with the people and conduct imperial propaganda.

Although many monumental structures once stood on the spina, only three have survived to the present day. The oldest of these is the Egyptian Obelisk, originally erected around 1450 BC by Pharaoh Thutmose III at the Temple of Karnak in Luxor to commemorate his victory in a Mesopotamian campaign. Brought to Alexandria in 357 by Constantius II, the son of Constantine I, the monument was finally erected in the Hippodrome in 390 during the reign of Theodosius I. Also known as the Obelisk of Theodosius, it is believed to have originally stood about 30 meters high. However, due to the breaking of its lower section during transportation or erection, only 19.59 meters of the obelisk survive today. Including its base, the monument currently measures 25.6 meters in total height. Reliefs on two sides of the stylobate beneath the base depict the erection of the obelisk and scenes of chariot races, while Greek and Latin inscriptions on the other two sides describe the emperor raising the monument.

The Serpent Column is another monument that has survived. It was one of the valuable offerings dedicated to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi by the Greek city-states in gratitude for their victory over the Persians at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. The names of the participating city-states were engraved on the coils of the column. It is known that the original monument also supported a golden tripod held by three serpent heads. One fragment of a serpent head that has survived is currently exhibited in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums.

Another surviving monument is the Column of Constantine, also known as the Walled Obelisk. Constructed from carefully cut stones of varying sizes, the exact date of its original construction is unknown. An inscription on its base records that it was restored in the first half of the 10th century by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Standing 32 meters high at the turning point of the chariot races, this monument was once covered with bronze plates, which were stripped and looted during the Fourth Crusade. During the Ottoman period, the monument acquired a new function and became a target for those who attempted to climb it to demonstrate their skills during public celebrations in the square.

Another notable historical feature of the area is the German Fountain, which was prepared in Germany and brought to At Meydanı in 1901. Gifted by German Emperor Wilhelm II, the fountain features a domed roof supported by eight columns, with the interior decorated with gold mosaics. Inside the dome are the tughra of Sultan Abdülhamid II and the monogram of Wilhelm II.

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia was referred to as the Great Church (Megali Ekklesia) because it was one of the largest buildings in the city at the time. Taking its name from two Greek words meaning “Holy Wisdom,” Hagia Sophia has rightfully stood in all its splendor for 1,500 years in the city’s most important square.

During the reign of Constantius II, son of Constantine the Great, a large church was built on this site; however, it was destroyed during a revolt in 404.

The second structure erected here was also ruined during the famous Nika riots (532). Thereupon, Justinian I ordered the construction of the magnificent monument we see today.

For this monumental project, two architects—actually one a mathematician and the other a physicist—were appointed: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. A total of 10,000 workers, operating in two shifts, were placed under their command, and the building was completed in the remarkably short span of five years and ten months.

Its height from the ground is 55.60 meters, and its diameter is approximately 31–32 meters. The dome, set on a circular plan—similar to that of the Pantheon—was already known in Roman architecture even before Hagia Sophia.

Twenty-one years after its construction, an earthquake caused serious damage to Hagia Sophia, and its magnificent dome had to be rebuilt. Following this first major restoration, carried out by Isidore the Younger, the nephew of Isidore of Miletus, Hagia Sophia underwent numerous similar interventions and restorations throughout its history.

Having served as the patriarchal church for 916 years, Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque after 1453.

Following its conversion, minarets were added to the structure—first during the reign of Mehmed II (Fatih), then during the reign of his son Bayezid II; the last two were built personally by Mimar Sinan.

The surviving figurative mosaics date from between the 9th and 12th centuries. Between 1847 and 1849, Hagia Sophia was restored by the Italian architect Gaspare Fossati and his brother Giuseppe Fossati, under the order of Abdulmejid I (1839–1861).

In addition, several changes were made: the mosaics and frescoes were appropriately covered, and essential elements required in a mosque—such as the mihrab and the minbar—were installed. Large circular plaques bearing the names “Allah,” “Muhammad,” “Abu Bakr,” “Umar,” “Uthman,” “Hasan,” and “Husayn” were also added to the interior.

After serving as one of the most prominent places of worship for Muslims for 477 years, the building began to be used as a museum in 1935.

Used as a museum for 86 years until 2020, Hagia Sophia became one of Turkey’s most visited tourist attractions during this period. As of 24 July 2020, it has once again been reopened for worship as a mosque.

Topkapı Palace

Topkapi Palace is located at Sarayburnu, a promontory overlooking the Golden Horn. It is believed that the acropolis of the ancient city of Byzantium once stood here.

After completing his conquest, Mehmed II wished to build a palace befitting the city he had made his capital. As its location, he chose the site where Istanbul University stands today, in present-day Beyazıt. However, this first structure must have been considered insufficient, for shortly afterward the need was felt to construct a new palace. This second palace was called “Saray-ı Cedid,” meaning “New Palace,” in reference to the previous one.

The reason the complex came to be known as Topkapı Palace is connected to another structure built in the 18th century near the Byzantine walls, which was named “Topkapusu Sahil Sarayı” (the Shore Palace of the Cannon Gate) due to the ceremonial cannons placed in front of it.

Construction of Topkapi Palace began in 1460, and the palace was used for approximately 400 years. Over time, it developed and changed through additions made by different sultans.

Topkapı Palace is surrounded on the landward side by the Sur-ı Sultani (Imperial Walls) and on the seaward side by the Byzantine walls, covering an area of 700,000 square meters.

The palace’s main entrance gate is called the Bab-ı Hümayun (Imperial Gate). This was a ceremonial gate used primarily by the Sultan and high-ranking officials rather than by the general public. Built during the reign of Mehmed II, it is known that there was once a pavilion above this gate, although that structure has not survived to the present day.

Palace Kitchens:
Rebuilt by Mimar Sinan, the Palace Kitchens of Topkapi Palace were known to prepare meals for approximately 5,000 people daily, offering an average of 50–60 different dishes each day. The food prepared here was not served solely to members of the palace; it was also distributed to anyone who happened to come to the palace for various reasons, as well as to people living in its vicinity.

Third Courtyard:
Entrance to the Third Courtyard is through the Babü’s Saade, meaning the “Gate of Felicity.” Considered the beginning of the Sultan’s private residence, this gate was so exclusive that even grand viziers were not permitted to pass through it without authorization, except when proceeding to the Audience Chamber.

Within the Third Courtyard of Topkapi Palace, there are several sections, each worthy of being considered a museum in its own right. In addition to the Miniature and Portrait Collection, there is the Collection of the Sultans’ Costumes, where the kaftans and garments of the Ottoman rulers are displayed. The Imperial Treasury houses world-famous masterpieces such as the Topkapi Dagger and the Spoonmaker’s Diamond.

Also located here is the Chamber of Sacred Relics, which preserves hundreds of revered items, including the mantle (cloak), beard hairs, a tooth relic container, footprint, letters, bow, and sword attributed to the Prophet Muhammad; the pot of the Prophet Abraham; the staff of Moses; and the swords attributed to David, Ali, Abu Bakr, and Umar.

In the Fourth Courtyard, visitors pass among structures such as the Circumcision Room (Sünnet Odası), a small pavilion used during the circumcision ceremony of the princes of Ahmed III; the Revan and Baghdad Pavilions, built to commemorate the conquests of Revan and Baghdad by Murad IV; and the Tulip Garden. At the end, they are rewarded with a magnificent view of the Bosphorus.

Harem

Originally located in the Old Palace (Eski Saray) in Beyazıt, the Harem was moved to Topkapi Palace during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The existing Harem complex largely dates from the period of Murad III (1574–1595).

Essentially, the Harem was the household of the Sultan, and its administration was largely under the authority of the Valide Sultan (Queen Mother).

The Harem was not merely an institution connected to the dynasty. Some of the girls educated and raised there were assigned to serve the Sultan, while others were married to aghas who had been trained in the Enderun (Palace School) and were later appointed as administrators in various parts of the empire.

Girls admitted to the Harem were first taught Turkish, followed by instruction in the Qur’an and literacy. In addition, they received training in music, dance, fine arts, and palace protocol. It was expected that those who completed this education and later married would be known as “palace ladies” in the regions where they settled and would set a good example in their communities.

In the 19th century, when it could no longer meet the needs of the age, Topkapi Palace was gradually replaced by palaces such as Dolmabahce Palace, Ciragan Palace, and Yildiz Palace.

Nevertheless, even after this transition, it continued to house the Sacred Relics, the Imperial Treasury, and the state archives. In 1924, by the order of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, it was converted into a museum.Formun Altı

Grand Bazaar

The fact that the ancient trade routes known as the Silk Road and the Spice Road passed through these lands led to the increase of inns, covered markets, and bazaars during the Ottoman period. The largest and most important of these bazaars is the Grand Bazaar. Also called the “Great Bazaar,” it is a historical document that bears the traces of both past and present consumption habits.

The main purpose of its foundation, after the conquest of Istanbul, was to strengthen the economy and to generate income for the maintenance and repair of Hagia Sophia. The first structure of the Grand Bazaar was commissioned in 1461 by decree of Mehmed II. Designed and built by Mimar Hayreddin, this vast market was constructed in the form of a large labyrinth.

Within the Grand Bazaar are three major bedestens (covered market halls), including Cevahir, Sandal, and Galata, which are among the earliest Ottoman bedestens. Throughout history, the bazaar suffered damage many times due to major earthquakes in Istanbul and numerous fires, and it was repeatedly restored and rebuilt in sections.

According to current data, the bazaar covers an area of approximately 30,700 square meters and contains around 66 streets and nearly 4,000 shops. It is a closed complex consisting of shops, bedestens, storage rooms, inns, and small mosques. With later additions, it includes 5 mosques, 1 school, 7 fountains, 10 wells, 1 sebil (public water dispenser), a fountain courtyard, 24 gates, and 17 inns.

At the core of the Grand Bazaar’s foundation lies the principle of being a “waqf-based commercial center.” For this reason, above the Beyazıt Gate of the bazaar hangs the inscription “Allah loves the one who trades,” placed beneath the tughra (imperial monogram) of Abdul Hamid II.

Today, the Grand Bazaar is a major attraction visited by tourists, where carpets, leather goods, textiles, jewelry, antiques, and ceramic products are sold.